| Scalars | Vectors |
| Quantities which have magnitude only, and no direction are calledScalars. For example, Speed, Temperature, Mass etc. | Quantities which have a direction as well as a magnitude are called Vectors. For example, Velocity, Weight, Force etc. |
| Speed | Velocity |
| Rate of change of distance is calledSpeed. For example, This car can travel with speed 80m/s. Speed can be calculated as: Speed = Distance / Time | Velocity means the speed of something and its direction of travel. For example, A car is moving with velocity 80m/s towards East. |
| Heat | Temperature |
| Heat is the energy an object has because of the movement of its atoms and molecules. Heat depends on the size or type of object. For example, A 1000 watt light bulb will give off more heat as compare to 100 watt light bulb. | Temperature is not energy, but a measure of it. Temperature does not depend on the size or type of object. For example, the temperature of a small cup of boiling water is the same as the temperature of a large pot of boiling water. |
| Periscope / Telemeter | Perimeter |
| Periscope: A Periscope is a scientific instrument for observation from a concealed position. Telemeter: A Telemeter is a scientific instrument for measuring distance from observer. | A perimeter is the length of boundaries or outer lines of an object. For example,The perimeter of this rectangle is: Perimeter = 4 + 4 + 2 + 2 = 12 inches |
| Microscope | Telescope |
| Microscope is a scientific instrument for magnifying small objects. | Telescope is a scientific instrument for viewing objects at great distances. |
| Element | Molecule |
| An Element is a single substance which cannot be split into two or more simpler substances by chemical means. | A Molecule is the smallest particle of a compond. Molecules are made up of two or more atoms. |
| Mixture | Compound |
| When two or more atoms or molecules combine together, they form Mixture. For example, Alloys are mixture of two or more metals, so they contain two or more different types of atoms. Other Differences: 1. It can be separated by physical means. 2. Its physical properties are intermediate between those of the substances in it. 3. A mixture's composition can vary. 4. Its chemical properties are the result of the substances in the mixture. | When two or more elements chemically combine together, they formCompounds. Compounds are pure substances as they contain only one type of molecules, e.g. Water, Carbon dioxide. Other Differences: 1. It cannot be separated by physical means. 2. Its physical properties are individual and not the result of its elements. 3. A compound's composition cannot vary. 4. Its chemical properties are quite different from those of its elements. |
| Atomic Number | Mass Number |
| The atomic number of an element is the number of protons or electrons in its atom. | The mass number of an element is the total number of protons and neutron in its atom. |
| Isotopes | Isomers |
| Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. As they contain same number of protons or electrons, so chemically they are identical. But, as they have different number of neutrons, so they have different masses. For example, Deuterium is isotopes of Hydrogen. Both have same atomic number (1). But different mass number: Hydrogen = 1; Deuterium = 2 | Molecules with identical molecular formulae but with different structural formulae are called Isomers. For example, Butane and Isobutane are isomers because they have same molecular formulae, but different structure. As they have different structures, so they have different physical properties. And, as they have identical molecular formulae, so they react in a similar way. |
| Reversible Reaction | Irreversible Reaction |
| A chemical reaction that can proceed in both directions; from reactants to products, and from products to reactants, is called Reversible Reaction. | A chemical reaction that can proceed in one direction only; from reactants to products, and NOT from products to reactants, is called Irreversible Reaction. |
| Endothermic Reaction | Exothermic Reaction |
| A chemical reaction which takes in energy (heat) and involves bond breaking is called Endothermic Reaction. | A chemical reaction which gives out energy (heat) and involves bond making is called Exothermic Reaction. |
| Oxidation | Reduction |
Oxidation is a/an:
| Reduction is a:
|
| Anode | Cathode |
| The anode is the electrode connected to the positive terminal of a cell (battery). | The cathode is the electrode connected to the negative terminal of a cell (battery). |
Showing posts with label EDS. Show all posts
Showing posts with label EDS. Show all posts
Saturday, 24 October 2015
Difference between Scientific terms Difference between different biological and physical terms with examples.
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EDS
Everyday Science (or general Science) Key Facts.
Everyday Science (or general Science) Key Facts
- The temperature at which all of solid becomes a liquid is called its melting point.
- The temperature at which all of a liquid becomes a gas is called its boiling point.
- Only 2% of the world's water is in the form of ice.
- The heavies solid is the element osmium.
- The lightest gas is hydrogen. About 99.99% of the volume of hydrogen gas is empty space.
- The average adult has a blood volume of about 5 liters.
- Each day human body breathe in 15000 to 20000 liters of air.
- The aveage human body contains about 250g of sodium chloride.
- The most abundant element in the universe is hydrogen.
- The most abundant element in the earth's crust is oxygen.
- The second most abundant element in the earth's crust is silicon.
- The deepest place on Earth is Mariana Trench.
- Bond making is Exothermic Reaction, and Bond breaking is Endothermic Reaction.
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Solar System
What is Solar System?
The Sun, Planets, Asteroids and other objects in orbits, are together known as the Solar System.
The Sun
The Sun is extremely hot and brightly glowing star of gas. It's temperature is ranging from 6000oC on the surface to 15,000,000oC in the centre. Its energy comes from nuclear reactions deep in its core.
The Planets
The Earth is one of the eight planets in orbit around the Sun. The Planets do not have their on light, but they are visible as they reflect light from the Sun. The Planets are kept in orbit by the gravitational pull of the Sun. In general, the further a Planet is from the Sun, the slower it travels and lower its average surface temperature.
The Inner Planets
Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are inner Planets. They are also called "rocky dwarfs".
Mercury
Mercury is the closeset planet to the sun. It has cratered surface but it doesn't have an atmosphere to trap the heat from the Sun. As a result, the temperature rises to 427oC at noon, and drops down to -173oC at night.
Venus
Venus is the brightest Planet. Venus has the thickest atmosphere (97% Carbondioxide) in the solar system, causes a severe greenhouse effect. The temperature on Venus is 461oC, and it remains same in day and night.
Earth
Eath is the only known Planet where conditions are perfect for life. Its distance from the Sun, and atmosphere makes it perfect for life. The Earth also has a bodyguard, Jupiter, that save it from any collision with the Asteroids.
Mars
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun in the Solar System. Mars is also called "Red Planet" because of its reddish color because of iron oxide. It has a thin atmosphere, mainly Carbon Dioxide, a dusty surface and polar caps. The rotation of Mars is also tilted like Earth that produces seasons.
The Asteroids
Asteroids are smaller objects than Planets, in orbit around the Sun. Their sizes are ranging from diameter of few kilometers to 1000km. Most Asteroids have orbits between Mars and Jupiter, and thus separates inner Planets from outer ones. Some Asteroids have much more elliptical orbits that cross the path of other Planets. So, there is possibility of collision of Asteroids with other Planets.
The outer Planets
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are outer Planets. They are also called "Gassy Giants".
Jupiter
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun in the Solar System. It is largest Planet in the Solar System. It is mainly gas and has no solid surface. Its atmosphere 90% hydrogen. The great spot on Jupiter is a huge storm that is known to have existed for centuries.
Saturn
Saturn is another gassy giant, and second largest Planet in the Solar System. It is surrounded by rings. These are not a solid mass, but millions of pieces of ice and rock.
Uranus
Uranus is another gassy giant. Its axis of rotation is tilted at more than 90. It also has rings, but much fainter than Saturn's.
Neptune
Neptune is the outermost Planet in the Solar System It is also a gassy giant. It also has a faint ring system.
| Mercury | Venus | Earth | Mars | Jupiter | Saturn | Uranus | Neptune | |
| Average distance from Sun (million km) | 58 | 108 | 150 | 228 | 778 | 1420 | 2870 | 4490 |
| Period of revolution (years) | 0.24 | 0.62 | 1.00 | 1.88 | 11.86 | 29.46 | 84.01 | 164.8 |
| Diameter at Equator (km) | 4880 | 12100 | 12800 | 6790 | 142980 | 120540 | 51120 | 49530 |
| Mass compared with Earth (Earth = 1) | 0.06 | 0.82 | 1.00 | 0.11 | 318 | 95.2 | 14.5 | 17.2 |
| Average Surface Temperature | 350oC | 480oC | 22oC | -23oC | -150oC | -180oC | -210oC | -220oC |
| Average Density (g/cm3) | 5.4 | 5.2 | 5.5 | 3.9 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 1.8 |
| Surface gravity at equator (m/s2) | 3.78 | 8.60 | 9.78 | 3.72 | 22.9 | 9.05 | 7.77 | 11.0 |
| Number of Moons | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 52 | 30 | 21 | 8 |
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Physical Quantities and their Units
Physical Quantities and their Units
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND THEIR SI BASE UNITS
Following is the list of Physical Quantities and their SI Base Units and Symbols.
Following is the list of Physical Quantities and their SI Base Units and Symbols.
| Physical Quantity | Unit | Symbol |
| length | meter | m |
| mass | kilogram | kg |
| time | second | s |
| electric current | ampere | A |
| thermodynamic temperature | kelvin | K |
| amount of substance | mole | mol |
| luminous intensity | candela | cd |
SOME SI DERIVED UNITS
| Physical Quantity | Unit | Symbol |
| area | square meter | m2 |
| volume | cubic meter | m3 |
| frequency | hertz | Hz |
| mass density (density) | kilogram per cubic meter | kg/m3 |
| speed, velocity | meter per second | m/s |
| angular velocity | radian per second | rad/s |
| acceleration | meter per second squared | m/s2 |
| angular acceleration | radian per second squared | rad/s2 |
| force | newton | N |
| pressure | pascal | Pa |
| work, energy, quantity of heat | joule | J |
| power | watt | W |
| quantity of electricity | coulomb | C |
| potential difference, electromotive force | volt | V |
| electric field | volt per meter | V/m |
| electric resistance | ohm |  |
| capacitance | farad | F |
| magnetic flux | weber | Wb |
| inductance | henry | H |
| magnetic field | tesla | T |
| entropy | joule per kelvin | J/K |
| specific heat capacity | joule per kilogram kelvin | J/(kg.K) |
| thermal conductivity | watt per meter kelvin | W/(m.K) |
| radiant intensity | watt per steradian | W/sr |
THE SI SUPPLEMENTARY UNITS
| Physical Quantity | Unit | Symbol |
| plane angle | radian | rad |
| solid angle | steradian | sr |
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EDS
Scientific Abbreviations
Scientific Abbreviations
Scientific Abrreviations / Scientific Acronyms
Following is the list of frequently asked Scientific Abbreviations / Acronyms.
FREQUENTLY ASKED SCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS / ACRONYMS
Following is the list of frequently asked Scientific Abbreviations / Acronyms.
FREQUENTLY ASKED SCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS / ACRONYMS
| Abbreviation | Definition |
| CCTV | Closed-Circuit Television |
| LCD | Liquid Crystal Display |
| CRT | Cathode Ray Tube |
| LED | Liquid Emitting Diode |
| RADAR | Radio Detection and Ranging |
| SONAR | Sound Navigation and Ranging |
| LASER | Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation |
| MASER | Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation |
| AIDS | Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome |
| SARS | Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome |
| BASIC | Beginner's All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
| PVC | Polyvinyl Chloride |
| CNG | Compressed Natural Gas |
| LNG | Liquefied Natural Gas |
| LPG | Liquefied Petroleum Gas |
| TB | Tuberculosis |
| BCG | Bacillus Calmette-Guerin |
| LORAN | Long Range Navigation |
| AWACS | Airborne Warning and Control System |
| AMU | Atomic Mass Unit |
| CRO | Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope |
| STP | Standard Temperature and Pressure |
| EMF | Electromotive Force |
| ADH | Antidiuretic Hormone |
| BTU | British Thermal Unit |
| CFC | Chloro Fluoro Carbon |
| CNS | Central Nervous System |
| DDT | Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane |
| FBTR | Fast Breeder Test Reactor |
| ICU | Intensive Care Unit |
| RNA | Ribose Nucleic Acid |
| STAR | Satellite for Telecommunication Applications and Research |
| TFT | Thin Film Transistor |
| TNT | Tri Nitro Toulene |
COMPUTER SCIENCE & INTERNET RELATED ABBREVIATIONS
| Abbreviation | Definition |
| WWW | World Wide Web |
| HTTP | Hypertext Transfer Protocol |
| HTTPS | Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure |
| LAN | Local Area Network |
| WLAN | Wireless Local Area Network |
| WAN | Wide Area Network |
| FTP | File Transfer Protocol |
| Portable Document Format | |
| CPU | Central Processing Unit |
| HTML | Hypertext Markup Language |
| CSS | Cascading Style Sheets |
| RAM | Random Access Memory |
| ROM | Read only Memory |
| ALU | Arithmetic and Logic Unit |
| MICR | Magnetic-Ink Character Recongnition |
FREQUENCY RELATED ABBREVIATIONS / ACRONYMS
| Abbreviation | Definition |
| FM | Frequency Modulator |
| HF | High Frequency |
| LF | Low Frequency |
| MD | Medium Frequency |
| UHF | Ultra High Frequency |
| VHF | Very High Frequency |
| VLF | Very Low Frequency |
| RF | Radio Frequency |
SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTES & SOCIETIES ABBREVIATIONS / ACRONYMS
| Abbreviation | Definition |
| NASA | National Aeronautic & Space Administration |
| SUPARCO | Space of Upper Atmosphere Research Committee |
| IUPAC | International Union of Pure & Applied Chemistry |
| KaNuPP | Karachi Nuclear Power Plant |
| SHEIR | Society of Higher Education & Industrial Research |
| PIEAS | Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Appliead Sciences |
| NUST | National University of Science and Technology |
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